Philosophy of Religion

There are philosophy of religion games (!) available online here and here.

Some of the main reasons that have been given for believing in God are:

The cosmological argument: everything has a cause, so the world must have a cause, and this cause is God.

        Problems: (i) Can we prove that there are no exceptions to the rule that everything has a cause?  (ii) If we accept the rule, mustn't it apply to God too?  (iii) This argument tells us nothing about God except that he/she/it/they caused the universe.  This 'being' is just an unknown x.   

The argument from design: similar effects have similar causes, the world seems to have been designed, so it must have been created by something like a designer, a human intelligence.

        Problems: (i) Can we prove that similar effects have similar causes?  (ii) Doesn't the theory of evolution explain the apparent design in the world?  (iii) Exactly how much like a human designer do we want to say that God is?

For more on attempts to prove the existence of God, see here and here.

With regard to life after death, a lot seems to depend on what life is.  Are we purely physical beings?  Or is the mind (or the soul) a non-physical object of some kind?  That view was famously defended by René Descartes. It was famously criticized by Gilbert Ryle.  Ryle has in turn been criticized for not accepting that the mind just is the brain.  But perhaps the soul really is not the mind at all, but something else.

On miracles, the most famous argument comes from David Hume.

On the relation between ethics and religion see here.

And for more generally, see here.