Continental Philosophy After Sartre
Continental philosophy after the existentialism of Heidegger and Sartre fell out of fashion is generally known as postmodernism. The best known continental philosophers after Sartre are all French.
Jean-Francois Lyotard adapts Wittgenstein's idea of language-games to defend a form of epistemological relativism. Science is one language-game, but witchcraft, say, is another. There is no neutral or objective way to judge any game as being better than another. [This is a bit like Kierkegaard's ideas about different spheres or stages of life.]
Michel Foucault takes a very Nietzschean view of society. He sees the will to power everywhere, even when the powerful themselves are not conscious of it. He rejects the idea of truth and believes instead in merely different ideas struggling for dominance. Existing institutions and ways of thinking keep marginalized groups down. Marx thought something similar, but Foucault believes in individual freedom much more than Marx did. Like Marx, Foucault thinks that nothing is really natural to us. "Human nature" is a product of the society we live in. In a freer society our nature might be more variable.
Most famous of all these thinkers is Jacques Derrida. Derrida argues that philosophy is just one kind of writing, not necessarily any better at finding the truth than, say, poetry. "Truth" itself is just a word in our language that could easily have a different meaning, or no meaning at all. All meaning depends on context, and context can never be fully expressed or defined. So meanings can never be fully specified. The meaning of a text (religious, say, or legal) can never be pinned down precisely. It does not exist precisely.
Derrida tries to "deconstruct" our concepts, showing their contingency and 'instability' in an attempt to subvert the dominant order. His goal can be thought of as political, like Heidegger's, or religious, as Heidegger's might be construed. Mostly he just seems to want to shake things up a bit, like Nietzsche or Socrates.