Col. Rose Mary Sheldon
Department of History
Virginia Military Institute

Espionage in the Ancient World

BIBLIOGRAPHY

General

Bowen, Russell J. A Scholar's Guide to Intelligence Literature. The Russell J. Bowen Collection. Washington, D.C., National Intelligence Study Center, 1983.

Constantinides, George C. Intelligence and Espionage: An Analytical Bibliography, Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 1983.

Dvornik, Francis, The Origins of Intelligence Services, New Brunswick, N.J. Rutgers University Press, 1974.

Glass, R.R. and Davidson, P.B., Intelligence is for Commanders. Harrisburg, PA 1952.

Godson, Roy, Intelligence Requirements for the 1980's. National Strategy Information Center, Washington, D.C., 1979-l986 7 vols.

Godson, Roy, Intelligence Requirements for the 1990's. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, 1988.

Heymont, Irving Combat Intelligence in Modern Warfare. Harrisburg, PA., 1960.

Piekalkiewicz, Janucs, Weltgeschichte der Spionage. Agenten, Systeme, Aktionen, Sudwest Verlag, 1988.

Riepl, Wolfgang, Das Nachrichtenwesen des Altertums, Leipzig, 1913.

Rowan, Richard Wilmer Secret Service: Thirty-three Centuries of Espionage. New York, 1937.

Schwien, E.E. Combat Intelligence. Its Acquisition and Transmission. Washington, DC 1936.

Sheldon, R.M. "Toga and Dagger" The Washington Post, July 16, 1985 A 15. Reprinted in Signal September 1985, 55-57.

Townsend, E.C. Risks: The Key to Combat Intelligence. Harrisburg, PA 1956.

Wheeler, Everett L. Stratagem and the Vocabulary of Military Trickery, Mnemosyne Supplement 108, Leiden: Brill, 1988.

Reviewed in: Classical Review 40 (1990) 403-404 by Christopher Tuplin, Journal of Hellenic Studies 110 (1990) 248-249;  Lazenby, Antiquité Classique (1990) 416-417.

 

Military History -- General

Bourdet, J. (ed.) The Ancient Art of Warfare. London, 1968.

Delbrück, Hans, History of the Art of War Within the Framework of Political History, trans. W. J. Renfroe, Westport, CT 1975, Vols. I and II.

Ferrill, Arther The Origins of War. From the Stone Age to Alexander. London, 1985.

Garlan, Y. War in the Ancient World. A Social History. trans. by J. Lloyd, London, 1975.

Harmand, J. La guerre antique de Sumer à Rome. Paris, 1973.

Humble, R. Warfare in the Ancient World. London, 1980.

Keppie, L.J.F. Making of the Roman Army, Totowa, NJ 1984.

Marsden, Eric William Greek and Roman Artillery. Historical Development. Oxford, 1969.

Rogers, W. L. Greek and Roman Naval Warfare. A Study of Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design from Salamis to Actium. Annapolis, 1937.

Spaulding, O. L., Nickerson, H. J. Wright, W. Warfare: A Study of Military Methods from the Earliest Times. Washington, D.C. 1937.

Tarn, W.W. Hellenistic Military and Naval Developments. NY, 1966.

Thiel, J.H.A., A History of Roman Sea Power Before the Second Punic War. Amsterdam, 1954.

Warry, John Gibson Warfare in the Classical World, New York, St. Marin's Press, 1981.

Wheeler, Everett L. Stratagem and the Vocabulary of Military Trickery, Mnemosyne Supplement 108, Leiden: Brill, 1988.

 

Road Building, Communications, Tradecraft

Amit, Moshe "Les moyens de communications et la defense de l'empire romain" La Parola del Passato 20 (1965) 207-222.

Birt, T., Die Buchrolle in der Kunst, Leipzig, 1907]

    p. 273 provides a line drawing of the scytale.

Borza, E. N. Travel and Communications in Classical Times. A Guide to the Evidence, University Park, Pa., 1969.

Casson, Lionel. "Speed under Sail of Ancient Ships," TAPA 82 (1951) 136-148.

    calculating how fast news (and intelligence) could travel in the ancient world

Crown, A. D., "Messengers and Scribes: The Sopher and Mazkir in the Old Testament," Vetus Testamentum 24 (1974) 366-370.

Crown, Alan D., "Tidings and Instructions: How News Travelled in the Ancient Near East," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 17 (1974) 244-271.

Diels, Hermann, Antike Technik, B. G. Teubner Verlag: Leipzig and Berlin, 1914.

    on signalling, the skytale, etc.

Echols, Edward, "MIlitary Dust," Classical Journal 47 (1952) 285-288.

Fischl, Hans, Fernsprech- und Meldewesen in Altertum mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Greischer und Römer, Schweinfurt, 1904.

    Part one contains a discussion of communications by telegraphy among the         Greek and Romans: fire signals in the Persian War, the telegraphic methods mentioned in Polybius, and a myriad of other classical references.

    Part two of this work, Die Brieftaube in Altertum und im Mittelalter (Schweinfurt, 1909), covers the history of the carrier pigeon in classical and medieval times.

Fleissner von Wostrowitz, Eduard B., Handbuch der Kryptographie. Anleitung zum Chiffriren und Dechiffriren von Geheimschriften, Wien: L. W. Seidel & Sohn, 1881, 189 pp.

A general study of cryptography in which the work of Kasiski (q.v.) is frequently commented upon. It stresses the processes of decipherment, methods of deciphering.

Forbes, R. J. Studies in Ancient Technology, Leiden, 1965 Vol. 2, part 3. Land transport 131-190.

A detailed account of land transport in the ancient world. Included are discussions of the Persian Postal System, the Roman cursus publicus, and the Greek use of fire signals. Forbes also covers the medieval world including Mauryan India

Frend, W.H.C. "A Third Century Inscription relating to Angareia in Phrygia" JRS 46 (1956) 46-56.

Galland, Joseph S. An Historical and Analytical Bibliography of the Literature of Cryptology, Evanston, Il., Northwestern University Studies in the Humanities, No. 10, 1945.

Gardthausen, Viktor Emil, "Geheimschrift," in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-encyclopaedie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Supplementband 4 (1924) 517-521.

Harlow, Alvin F., Old Post Bags, New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1928.

Herschbell, J. P. "The Ancient Telegraph". Communication Arts in the Ancient World. ed. Eric A. Havelock and J.P. Herschbell, New York: Hastings House, 1978 pp. 84-85.

Lacroix, Paul (Pseud. Bibliophile Jacob), Les secrets de nos pères: La cryptographie; ou l'Art d'ecrire en chiffres. Paris: Adolph Delahays, 1858. 251 pp.

Lang, George B. (Pseud. Excalibur), "Ancient and Modern Cryptography," The Cryptogram, Burton, Ohio June 1932, No. 3, pp. 2-3; Feb. 1933, No. 7 pp. 7-8; April 1933, No. 8, p. 1.

Lange, André et Soudart, E. A., Traité de cryptographie , Paris: Librairie Felix Alcan, 1925, 366pp. New edition 1935.

Lerville, Edmond

Les cahiers secrets de la cryptographie, Monaco: Éditions du Rocher, 1972, 318pp.

Meier, Samuel, The Messenger in the Ancient Semitic World, (HSMS 45) Atlanta: Scholar's Press, 1988.

Merriam, Augustus Chapman, "Telegraphing Among the Ancients," Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, Classical Series 3, no. 1 (1890) 1-32.

Millar, C. M. H. "Some Escapes and Escapers in the Ancient World," Greece and Rome 5 (1958) 57-61.

Minos, Johannes, Ein neuendecktes Geheimschriftsystem der Alten. Mit Proben aus Nikander, Catull, Tibull, Properz, Ovid, Vergil, Horaz, Phaedrus, Val. Flaccus, Martial und andern, und mit einem Nachwort über Akrostichen bei den klassischen Dichtern der Griechen und Römer, Leipzig: Fock, 1901. 64pp.

Reinke, E. C. "Classical Cryptography" Classical Journal 50 (October 1962-May 1963) 113-121.

Suess, Wilhelm, "Ueber Antike Geheimschriftenmethoden und ihr Nachleben," Philologus . Zeitschrift für das Klassische Altertum, Leipzig 78 (June, 1922) 142-75.

Weintraub, Joseph, "Cryptography, an ancient Art, " The American Hebrew, New York, 148, No. 12, (January 31, 1941) 7,11.

Mesopotamia

Bauer, J. B., "Aut maleficus aut alieni speculator," Biblische Zeitschrift 22 (1978) 109-115.

Dossin, G., "Signaux Lumineux au Pays de Mari," Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archeologie orientale 35 (1938) pp. 174-185.

Fries, C. "Zur Babylonischen Feuerpost" Klio 4 (1904) 117ff.

Jones, Tom B. . and Snyder, John W., Sumerian Economic Texts from the Third Ur Dynasty, Minneapolis, 1961.

Munn-Rankin, J. M. "Diplomacy in Western Asia," Iraq 18 (1956) 68-110.

Pinches, "Sumerian Cryptography," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1900.

Pritchard, J. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955. Supplement 1969.

See pp. 584-586 in particular 585. The first postal system recorded in history was at Shulgi which dates somewhere around 2100 to 2050 B.C. A similar system was established at Lagash, cf. T, Jones- I. Snyder.

Saggs, H.W.F., "Assyrian Warfare in the Sargonid Period," Iraq 25 (1963) 145-154.

An interesting, if controversial, account of Assyrian psychological warfare. See p. 151 where Sargon II of Assyria leaves a vivid account of what it is like to be in action when all communication has been cut off: "I could not give ease to their weariness, I could not give them water to drink, I could not set up the camp, I could not organize the defense of the headquarters and could not direct my advance guards . . . "

Sasson, J.M. The Military Establishment at Mari. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1969.

Sheldon, R.M. "Spying in Mesopotamia: The World's Oldest Classified Documents" Studies in Intelligence, Spring 1989 Vol. 33, 1 pp. 7-12.

Yadin, Yigael, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, London, 1963, 2 vols.

 

Egypt

Breasted, J. H, The Battle of Kadesh. Chicago, 1904.

Darnell, John Coleman, "The Enigmatic Netherworld Books of the Solar-Osirian Unity: Cryptographic Compositions in the Tombs of Tutankhamun, Ramesses VI, and Ramesses IX" (Egypt), University of Chicago Ph.D. Dissertation, 1995.

Drioton, ´Etienne, "Essai sur la cryptographie privée de la fin de la XVIIIe dynastie," " Revue d'Egyptologie, Paris 1 (1933) 1-50.

Drioton, ´Etienne, "La cryptographie égyptienne," Revue Lorraine d'Anthropologie, Nancy Vol. 6 (1933-34) 1-26

Friedman Collection - 866. English translations 866-1, 866-2.

Drioton, ´Etienne, "Note sur le cryptogramme de Montouemhet." Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'histoire Orientale, Bruxelles, Vol. 3, 1935, pp. 133-140. (Volume offert à Jean Capart)

Drioton, ´Etienne, "Le cryptogramme de Montou de Médamoud," Paris, Revue d'Egyptologie, Vol. 2 (1936) 21-33.

Drioton, ´Etienne, Deux cryptogrammes de Senenmout," Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Egypte, Cairo, Vol. 37 (1938) pp. 231-246.

Drioton, ´Etienne, "Note sur un cryptogramme récemment découvert à Athribis," Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Egypte, Le Caire, 138 (938) 109-116.

Drioton, ´Etienne, "Cryptogrammes de la Reine Nefertari," Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Egypte, Le Caire, Vol. 39 (1939) 133-144.

Drioton, ´Etienne, "Une figuration cryptographique sur un stèle du Moyen Empire," Revue d'Egyptologie, Paris, Vol I, 1(1933) 1-50.

Drioton, ´Etienne, "Un rébus de l'Ancien Empire," Mélanges Maspero, Vol. 1, (Mémoires publiés par les Membres de l'Institut Français d'Archeologie Orientale du Caire), Vol. 66, pp. 699-704.

Falkner, R. O. "The Battle of Megiddo" JEA 22 (1942) 2-***

Goodwin, C. W. "On the Enigmatic Writing on the Coffin of Seti I," Zeitschrift für Aegyptische Sprache 11 (1873) 138-144.

Hirschfeld, Otto, "Die aegyptische Polizei der römischen Kaiserzeit nach Papyruskunden", Sitz. Berlin Akad, 1892 p. 3.

Hohlwein, N. "La police des villages égyptiens à l'époque romaine; OiJ Fuvlake" " Musée Belge 9 (1905) 394-9.

Hohlwein, N. "La police des villages égyptiens à l'époque romaine; dhmoVsioi th'" kwvmh" ," Musée Belge 9 (1905) 189-195.

Holmes, Y., "The Messengers of the Amarna Letters," JAOS 75 (1975) 376-381.

Lauth, Fr. J., "Aenigmatische Schrift," Zeitschrift für Aegyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 4 (1896) 24-26.

Le Page Renouf, P., "The Royal tombs at Biban el Moluk and 'enigmatical' Writing," Zeitschrift für Äegyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (Sept.-Oct, 1874) 101-105.

Nelson, Harold H. The Battle of Megiddo. Chicago, 1913.

Preisigke, Fr., "Die ptolemaïsche Staatspost, Klio 7(1907) 241-277.

Smither, Paul, "The Semnah Dispatches" JEA 31 (1945) 3-10.

Valloggia, Michel. Recherches sur les 'messagers" (wpwtyw) dans les sources égyptiennes profanes (II Hautes Études Orientales 6; Genève-Paris: Librairie Droz, 1976, 316 pp.

Persia

Xenophon, Cyropaedia, trans. Walter Miller, Loeb Classical Library, 1953, 2 vols.

Herodotus, Histories. trans. A. D. Godley, Loeb Classical Edition, 1931, 4 vols.

Aeschylus, Agamemnon. trans. Herbert Weir Smith, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1936.

Burn, A. R. Persia and the Greeks. New York, 1962.

Frye, Richard N., Heritage of Persia. Cleveland, 1963.

Olmstead, A. T. History of the Persian Empire. Chicago, 1960.

Oppenheim, A. L. "The Eyes of the Lord" Journal of the American Oriental Society 88,1 (Jan.-March, 1968).

Starr, Frederick S. "Mapping Ancient Roads in Anatolia" Archaeology 16 (1963) 162-169.

 

Greece

Aelian, in H. Köchly and W. Rüstow, Griechische Kriegsschriftsteller, Vol. 2.

Aeneas Tacticus, On the Defense of Fortified Positions , Illinois Greek Club trans. Loeb Classical Library, 1948.

Frontinus, Stratagemata, Charles E. Bennet Trans, Loeb Classical Library, 1925.

Plutarch, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, Bernadotte Perrin trans., Loeb Classical Library, 11 vols.

Polyaenus, Stratagems of War, R. Shepherd Trans. Ares Press 1974.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, Charles Foster Smith trans., Loeb Classical Library, 4 vols.

Xenophon, Anabasis, Hellenica, Cyropaedia, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge

Adcock, F. E. The Greek and Macedonian Art of War. Berkeley, 1962.

Anderson, J. K. Military Theory and Practice in the Age of Xenophon. Berkeley, 1970.

Baillie Reynolds, P. K. "The Shield Signal at the Battle of Marathon" Journal of Hellenic Studies 49 (1929) 100-105.

Balcer, J. M. "The Athenian Episkopos and the Achaemenid 'King's Eye'", American Journal of Philology 98, no. 3 (1977).

Balogh, E. Political Refugees in Ancient Greece, Johannesburg, 1943.

Brown, Truesdell S. Brown, "Aeneas Tacticus, Herodotus and the Ionian Revolt" Historia 30 (1981) 385-393.

Chroust, A. H. "Treason and Patriotism in Ancient Greece" Journal of the History of Ideas 15 (1954) 280-288.

Gerolymatos, André, Espionage and Treason. A Study of the Proxenia in Political and Military Intelligence. Amsterdam: Gieben, 1986. Reviewed by R.M. Sheldon in Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 1988, 220-223.

            ----------."Ekphantos of Thasos: An Example of Political Use of the Athenian Proxenia" The                Ancient World 15 (1987) No. 1 & 2 45-48.

Eckstein, Arthur , Senate and General: Individual Decision-Making and Roman Foreign Relations 264-194 B.C. Berkeley, 1986.

Gruen, Erich The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome. Berkeley, 1984.

Gjerstaad, Einar Legends and Facts of Early Roman History.

Harris, W. V. War and Imperialism in the Roman Republic. Oxford, 1979.

Lazenby,J. F. Hannibal's War, Warminster, 1978.

Ramsay, A. M., "A Roman Postal Service Under the Republic" Journal of Roman Studies 10 (1920) 79-86.

Sheldon, Rose Mary, "Hannibal's Spies, IJIC 1,3 (1987) pp. 53-70.

Starr, Chester G. The Beginnings of Imperial Rome. Ann Arbor, 1980.

Wheeler, Everett, "Sapiens and Stratagems: The Neglected Meaning of a Cognomen" Historia 37 (1988) 166-195.

 

The Civil Wars

Caesar, Julius. The Battle for Gaul, Trans. A. & P. Wiseman. Boston, 1980.

Caesar, Julius. The Civil War, trans. A. G. Peskett, Loeb Classical Library, 1961.

Caesar, Julius. The Alexandrian, African and Spanish Wars. Trans. A. G. Way, Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1955.

Cicero, On the Appointment of Gnaeus Pompeius

Plutarch, Life of Caesar.

Suetonius, Life of the Divine Julius. J.C. Rolfe trans. Loeb Classical Library 1960.

Badian, Ernst, Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic. London, 1976.

Bradford, Ernle, Julius Caesar: The Pursuit of Power

Gruen, Erich, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic, Berkeley, 1973.

Grant, Michael, Julius Caesar. London, 1969.

Grant, Michael, Cleopatra. New York, 1973.

Omerod, H. A. Piracy in the Ancient World. Liverpool, 1924.

 

The Roman Empire

Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1956, 3 vols.

Froninus, Strategems, trans. Charles E. Bennett, Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1925.

Josephus. The Jewish War. Trans. H. St. J. Thackeray. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1961. 6vols.

Tacitus. The Annals. Trans. J. Jackson. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1956 3 vols.

----------.The Histories. Trans. Clifford H. Moore. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1962.

Vegetius Renatus, Flavius. Military Institutions of Vegetius. trans. John Clarke, edited by T.R. Phillips, Harrisburg, PA 1944.

Adams, J.P. Logistics of the Roman Imperial Army: Major Campaigns on the Eastern Front in the First Three Centuries A.D. Ph.D. Diss. Yale University, 1976.

----------."The Roman Imperial Army in the East" Ancient World 2(1979) 129-137.

Arias Bonet,J. A. "Los agentes in rebus. Contribucion al estudio de la policia en al Bajo Imperio Romano" Anuario Hist. Derecho Espan. 27-28 (1957-58) 197-219.

Austin, N. J. E. Ammianus on Warfare. Brussels, Collection Latomus, 165.

Blockeley, R.C. "The Coded Message in Ammianus Marcellinus 18.6.17-19" Classical Views 30 n.s. 5 (1968) no. 1 63-65.

Blum, W. Curiosi und Regendarii. Munich, 1969.

Boissiere, G. L'accusation publique et les delateurs chez les Romains. Niort, 1911.

Baillie Reynolds, P. K. The Vigiles of Imperial Rome. Oxford, 1926.

Baillie Reynolds, P. K. "Troops Quartered in the Castra Peregrinorum" Journal of Roman Studies 13 (1923) 168-189.

Blockeley, Roger "The Coded Message in Ammianus Marcellinus 18.6.17-19" Classical Views 30 N.S. 5, 1986 63-65.

----------."Internal Self-Policing in the Late Roman Administration. Some Evidence from Ammianus Marcellinus" Classica et Medievalia 30 (1969) 403-419.

Blum, Wilhelm, Curiosi und Regendarii. Munich, 1969

Clauss, Manfred Der Magister Officiorum in der Spatäntike, Munich, 1980.

Drinkwater, J. F. "The Pagan Undergroud: Constantine II's Secret Service and the Survival and Usurpation of Julian the Apostate". Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History. Collection Latomus 180, Brussels 1983.

Ferrill, Arther, The Fall of the Roman Empire. The Military Explanation. London, 1987

Frank, R. I. Scholae Palatinae. Rome, 1969.

Grant, Michael,The Army of the Caesars, New York, 1974.

Keppie, L.J. F. Making of the Roman Army. Totowa, N.J. 1984.

Lee, A.D. "The Defense of the Roman and Byzantine East" Proceedings of a colloquium held atthe University of Sheffield in April 1986, British Archaeological Reports International Series 297, 1986.

Luttwak, Edward The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. Baltimore, 1976.

Millar, F. "Emperors, frontiers and foreign relations, 14 BC to AD 378" Brittania 13: 1-23.

Richmond, I. A. "A Roman Arterial Signalling System in the Stainmore Pass" in W.F. Grimes (ed) Aspects of Archaeology in Britain and Beyond. Essays Presented to O.G.S. Crawford. London: H. W. Edwards, 1951 pp. 293-302.

Sheldon, R. M. "."The Polygraph, Adultery and the Romans, or Fluttering in Antiquity" Foreign Intelligence Literary Scene 5, 2 . March/April (1986) 2.

----------."The Roman Secret Service" Intelligence Quarterly 1,2 July 1985, 7-8.

----------. Tinker,Tailor Caesar Spy. Espionage in Ancient Rome Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1987. University Microfilms International No. 8720338.

---------- "L'Occhio di Roma", Storia e Dossier, January 1989, n. 25, pp. 46-49.

Sinnigen, W. G., "The Roman Secret Service" Classical Journal (1965) 65-

Sinnigen, W. G, "Two Branches of the Late Roman Secret Service" American Journal of Philology 80 (1959) 238-254.

Sinnigen, W. G, "Administrative Shifts of Competence Under Theodoric" Traditio 21 (1965) 456-467.

Sinnigen, W. G, The Officium of the Urban Prefecture in the Later Roman Empire. Rome: American Academy in Rome, Papers and Monographs, vol. 17.

Sinnigen, W. G,. "Tirones and Supernumerarii: Classical Philology 62(1967) 108-112.

Sinnigen, W. G., "The Origins of the Frumentarii" Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 1962, 211-224.

Sinnigen, W. G."The Chiefs of Staff of the Later Roman Secret Service" Byzantinische Zeitschrift 57(1964) 78-105.

Sinnigen, W. G."Three Administrative Changes Ascribed to Constantius II" American Journal of Philology 83(1962) 369-382.

Speidel, M.P. "Exploratores. Mobile Elite Units of Roman Germany." Epigraphische Studien 13(1983) 63-78.

Starr, C. G. Civilization and the Caesars, Ithaca, NY, 1954.

----------. The Roman Navy. Ithaca, 1960.

Watson, G. R. The Roman Soldier. London, 1969.

Webster, Graham The Roman Imperial Army, London, 1969.

Byzantium

Cecaumenos, Strategicon, ed. H.G. Beck, Graz, 1956.

Maurice, Strategicon, trans. George Dennis, Philadelphia, 1984.

Theophanes, The Chronicle of Theophanes, trans. Harry Turtledove, Philadelphia, 1982.

Bury, J. B. The Later Roman Empire. London, 1912.

Haldon, J. F. "Some Aspects of Byzantine Military Technology from the Sixth to the Tenth Centuries" Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 1(1975) 11-47.

----------. Byzantine Praetorians, Bonn, 1984.

----------. Recruitment and Conscription in the Byzantine Army, Vienna, 1979.

Hirschfeld, O. Die Agentes in Rebus Akademie der Wissenschaft, Berlin. Phil.-Hist. klasse Sitzungsberichte (1893) 421-441.

----------.Die Sicherheitspolizei in römischen Kaiserreich. Sitzungsberichte der Könglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Phil. Hist. Klasse vom 30 Juli 1891.

Jenkins, R.J. H. "The 'Flight' of Samonas," Speculum 24 (1948) 217-235.

Kaegi, Walter E., Some Thoughts on Byzantine Military Strategy. Brookline, MA 1983

----------. Army,Society and Religion in Byzantium. London, 1982.

----------. Byzantine Military Unrest 471-843. An Interpretation. Amsterdam, 1981.

Miller, D.A. "The Logothete of the Drome in the Middle Byzantine Period," Byzantion 36 (1966) 438-468.

Ostrogorsky, George, History of the Byzantine State. Oxford, 1956.

Sheldon, R. M. "Byzantine Counterintelligence and the Bulgarians" Intelligence Quarterly 1,4 February 1986.

Whitby, Michael, The Emperor Maurice and his Historian Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare, Oxford, 1987.

Islam

Iqtidar Husain Siddiqni, "Espionage System of the Sultanate of Delhi", Studies in Islam 1 (1964) 92-100.

Sabbagh, Michel, La colombe messagère plus rapide que la mouse, transl. from the Arabic by A.I. Silvestre de Sacy, Paris, 1805.

Sauvaget, J. La Poste aux chevaux dans l'empire des Mamelouks, Paris, Adrien-Maissoneuve, 1941.

Scanlon, George T. A Muslim Manual of War, ed. & trans. of Umar Ibn Ibrahim, American University in Cairo, 1961.

Sprenger, A. Die Post- und Reiserrouten des Orients, Leipzig, 1864.

Wiet, "Les communications en Egypte au Moyen Age," L'Egypte contemporaine, 24 (1933) 241-264.

The Far East

Prawdin, Michael, The Mongol Empire, London: Allen and Unwin 1961.

Trivedi, S. I. Secret Service in Ancient India, New Delhi, 1984.

 

Early Modern Europe

Groebner, Valentin, Who Are You? Identification, Deception, and Surveillance in Early Modern Europe, Zone Books, 2007.

Recent Modern Works

Ruud, Charles A. and Stepanov, Sergei A.  Fontanka 16:  the tsar's secret police, McGill-Queen's, 1999

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Last updated on 05 June 2007 by Col. Sheldon

"Espionage is practiced occasionally by spies, and all the time by neighbors, relatives, and colleagues"